Vibration modes of motorcycles
by Vittore Cossalter, Roberto Lot

The motorcycle is assumed to run straight on a flat, level road surface at a certain velocity. The rider is thought to be a rigid body fixed to the rear frame, who can exert no control on the motorcycle.
For simplicity's sake, the motorcycle is considered to have rigid suspension; from a kinematic point of view it is a spatial system whose motion can be described by means of the following four coordinates:

The system "motorcycle" may be considered to consist of two parts:

The rear frame and the front frame are hinged togheter at the steering axis by means of a revolute pair.
During the motion the tyres are free to sideslip; so they produce lateral forces which are a linear function of the sideslip angles and the camber angle. These forces, from a practical point of view, may be considered to be restoring forces like those produced by springs.

Keeping the above simplification in mind, the steering axis is considered to be constrained so that it can't move laterally. So the motorcycle may be thought of as two decoupled systems each having only one degree of freedom:

The two oscillation modes are:

Wobble
The frequency of the wobble mode is:

where:

an is the normal trail;
If is the moment of inertia of the front frame around the steering axis;
kl f is the front tyre stiffness;
e is the steering head angle.

For example: an =110 mm;If =0.9 Kgm2; kl f =15 rad-1; e =27°. load on the front wheel=1000 N, the wobble frequency is equal to 6.43 Hz. you have to remember that the formula don't take into acconut the fork flexibility, the gyroscopic effects, the dependance on the forward velocity......

The wobble mode is essentially a steering oscillation of the front forks; this mode doesn't involve the rear frame in any significant way.
Typical values of the frequencies vary from 4 Hz, in the case of heavy motorcycles, to 9 Hz, in the case of lightweight motorcycles.
The frequency of the wobble mode goes up as the trail increases and as the front inertia decreases: this depends essentially on the sideslip stiffness of the front tire and is also influenced by the lateral flexibility of the front fork.
When the speed of the motorcycle ranges from 10 to 20 m/s (40-80 km/h), the wobble is only a little damped and can therefore become unstable: the adoption of a damping steer increases the damping and consequently the degree of stability.

wobble mode

Weave
The frequency of the weave mode is:

where:

The mode may be unstable at a low speed; at a high speed it may be difficult to control since its natural frequency may be too high to be controlled by the driver.

In reality, the modes are different in view of the fact that the steer axis is not blocked.

1° weave mode

2° weave mode

Capsize
Now a non-oscillating mode is consided.
It is well known that motorcycles, without the action of control exercised by the rider, are unstable in roll, this motion is a non-oscillatory motion and consists in the capsize of the two-wheel vehicle.
In fact, the motorcycle in uniform rectilinear motion will eventually fall laterally: the motorcycle is therefore an intrinsically unstable system, above all in the low speeds range when the stabilising action of the gyroscopic effects turns out to be negligible.
The capsize motion is essential for driving the motorcycle; it is used and controlled by the rider by means of the steering.

capsize mode

The time of the vehicle's capsize depends on numerous factors:

The next figure shows an example of wobble and weave vibration of a racing motorcycle:

For more information see: V. Cossalter Motorcycle Dynamics.

 

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